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Grade Levels: Elementary, Secondary, University Transfer discussion to base 60 with latitude-longitude degrees-minutes-seconds, and the fact that in latitude-longitude, degrees refers to distance, not heat energy, and minutes and seconds refer to distance as well, not time. Use the base 60 hours-minutes-seconds concepts with time to help them understand this. Use a 1:100,000 and a 1:250,000-scale map of the same area and discuss the difficulty of determining position depending on the map scale. Write answers from all teams on the board. Draw a 2.5-minute grid on the interior of the map using 2.5-minute tic marks on the margin of the map as a guide for interpolating the coordinates. Ask each team of students to determine the latitude and longitude of the school building or campus to the nearest second using a USGS 1:24,000-scale topographic map. Materials Required: Topographic map, GPS receiver, metal dividers or plastic grid for interpolationĭivide students into teams. One-stop shop for topographic map lesson plans. Each lesson idea includes information on appropriate grade level, time required, and needed materials. Classroom topics range from coordinate systems, global positioning systems (GPS), datums, coordinate precision, absolute versus relative location, map projections, the history of cartography, modern cartography, aerial photograph interpretation, analysis of stereo aerial photographs, analyzing physical features on topographic maps, looking at rivers and streams on topographic maps, analyzing change between maps, impacts of the Public Land Survey System (PLSS) on the American Landscape, creating elevational profiles, analysis of map scale, understanding cultural map features, examining place names, constructing 3D models, analyzing urban change, creating aspect (north, east, south, west) maps, humans and hydrography, and site versus situation. This broad resource contains information on obtaining USGS map products, topographic maps, aerial photography, and our full map catalog, in support of 27 different lesson plan ideas spanning elementary through college level instructional material.